Table 1 Promotive motivation theory scale for adolescent smoking
Threat appraisal | |
 Perceived Threat | Severity |
1 The earlier a person starts smoking, the greater the harm | |
2 More smokers get sickness than nonsmokers | |
3 Smokers died earlier than nonsmokers | |
Vulnerability | |
4 I would become addicted if I smoke | |
5 I would get sick if I smoke | |
6 If I smoke, I may die earlier | |
 Perceived Rewards | Extrinsic Rewards |
7 Smokers look cool and fashionable | |
8 Smoking is good for social networking | |
9 The life of a smoker is happier than a nonsmoker | |
Intrinsic Rewards | |
10 Smoking makes people feel comfortable | |
11 Smoking helps people concentrate | |
12 Smoking enhances brainwork | |
Copping appraisal | |
 Perceived Efficacy | Response Efficacy |
13 People will feel good by not smoking | |
14 People will be less likely to get disease if they do not smoke | |
15 Quitting smoking is good for disease recovery | |
Self-Efficacy | |
16 No one could persuade me if I do not want to smoke | |
17 Even if all who are around me smoke, that does not mean I must smoke | |
18 I can refuse even if a relative or friend asks me to smoke | |
 Perceived Cost | Response Cost |
19 A person may be isolated if he or she does not smoke | |
20 Refusing a cigarette offer is very impolite | |
21 One will miss the enjoyment if he or she does not smoke | |